Assessment of Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) Model for Ionospheric TEC Map Predictions

In this study, we assess the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) model applied with global ionospheric vertical Total Electron Content (vTEC) maps to construct 24-h vTEC map forecasts using available International GNSS Service (IGS) 2-h cadence maps. addition, examine impact of a EUV 121.6 nm time series data source DMD control (DMDc) framework, which shows an improvement in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values compared IGS final solution Both and DMDc predictions present close RMSE scores CODE 1-day predicted maps, both for quiet disturbed solar activity. Finally, evaluate East-North-Up (ENU) coordinate system errors metric, as correction L1 single-frequency GPS/GNSS Single Point Positioning (SPP) solutions. Based on these findings, argue that commonly adopted comparison metric fails correctly reflect informative positioning solutions dual-frequency corrections.